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ստվերային տնտեսություն

If you pay your cleaner or builder in cash, or for some reason neglect to tell the taxman that you were paid for a service rendered, you participate in the black or underground economy. Such transactions do not normally show up in the figures for GDP, so the black economy may mean that a country is much richer than the official data suggest. In the United States and the UK, the black economy adds an estimated 5—10% to GDP; in Italy, it may add 30%. As for Russia, in the late 1990s estimates of the black economy ranged as high as 50% of GDP.

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բաց տնտեսություն
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An economy that allows the unrestricted flow of people, capital, goods and services across its borders; the opposite of a closed economy.

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Economics with a heart. The study of how different forms of economic activity and different methods of allocating scarce resources affect the well being of different individuals ...

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Economía; Economía

Economics that tries to change the world, by suggesting policies for increasing economic welfare. The opposite of positive economics, which is content to try to describe the world ...

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An economy that does not take part in inter¬national trade; the opposite of an open economy. At the turn of the century about the only notable example left of a closed economy is ...

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The interest rate less the rate of inflation.

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